diff --git a/lib/Cron/Daemon.php b/lib/Cron/Daemon.php
index 0f67cbda5a..b30c42dcf0 100644
--- a/lib/Cron/Daemon.php
+++ b/lib/Cron/Daemon.php
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class Daemon {
     $errors = [];
     foreach ($this->getWorkers() as $worker) {
       try {
-        $worker->process();
+        $worker->process($this->timer);
       } catch (\Exception $e) {
         $worker_class_name_parts = explode('\\', get_class($worker));
         $errors[] = [
@@ -45,21 +45,21 @@ class Daemon {
   }
 
   private function getWorkers() {
-    yield $this->workers_factory->createMigrationWorker($this->timer);
-    yield $this->workers_factory->createStatsNotificationsWorker($this->timer);
-    yield $this->workers_factory->createScheduleWorker($this->timer);
-    yield $this->workers_factory->createQueueWorker($this->timer);
-    yield $this->workers_factory->createSendingServiceKeyCheckWorker($this->timer);
-    yield $this->workers_factory->createPremiumKeyCheckWorker($this->timer);
-    yield $this->workers_factory->createBounceWorker($this->timer);
-    yield $this->workers_factory->createExportFilesCleanupWorker($this->timer);
-    yield $this->workers_factory->createBeamerkWorker($this->timer);
-    yield $this->workers_factory->createInactiveSubscribersWorker($this->timer);
-    yield $this->workers_factory->createUnsubscribeTokensWorker($this->timer);
-    yield $this->workers_factory->createWooCommerceSyncWorker($this->timer);
-    yield $this->workers_factory->createAuthorizedSendingEmailsCheckWorker($this->timer);
-    yield $this->workers_factory->createWooCommercePastOrdersWorker($this->timer);
-    yield $this->workers_factory->createStatsNotificationsWorkerForAutomatedEmails($this->timer);
-    yield $this->workers_factory->createSubscriberLinkTokensWorker($this->timer);
+    yield $this->workers_factory->createMigrationWorker();
+    yield $this->workers_factory->createStatsNotificationsWorker();
+    yield $this->workers_factory->createScheduleWorker();
+    yield $this->workers_factory->createQueueWorker();
+    yield $this->workers_factory->createSendingServiceKeyCheckWorker();
+    yield $this->workers_factory->createPremiumKeyCheckWorker();
+    yield $this->workers_factory->createBounceWorker();
+    yield $this->workers_factory->createExportFilesCleanupWorker();
+    yield $this->workers_factory->createBeamerkWorker();
+    yield $this->workers_factory->createInactiveSubscribersWorker();
+    yield $this->workers_factory->createUnsubscribeTokensWorker();
+    yield $this->workers_factory->createWooCommerceSyncWorker();
+    yield $this->workers_factory->createAuthorizedSendingEmailsCheckWorker();
+    yield $this->workers_factory->createWooCommercePastOrdersWorker();
+    yield $this->workers_factory->createStatsNotificationsWorkerForAutomatedEmails();
+    yield $this->workers_factory->createSubscriberLinkTokensWorker();
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/Cron/Workers/AuthorizedSendingEmailsCheck.php b/lib/Cron/Workers/AuthorizedSendingEmailsCheck.php
index 737c60c3b2..7be82b8afc 100644
--- a/lib/Cron/Workers/AuthorizedSendingEmailsCheck.php
+++ b/lib/Cron/Workers/AuthorizedSendingEmailsCheck.php
@@ -13,16 +13,16 @@ class AuthorizedSendingEmailsCheck extends SimpleWorker {
   /** @var AuthorizedEmailsController */
   private $authorized_emails_controller;
 
-  function __construct(AuthorizedEmailsController $authorized_emails_controller, $timer = false) {
+  function __construct(AuthorizedEmailsController $authorized_emails_controller) {
     $this->authorized_emails_controller = $authorized_emails_controller;
-    parent::__construct($timer);
+    parent::__construct();
   }
 
   function checkProcessingRequirements() {
     return Bridge::isMPSendingServiceEnabled();
   }
 
-  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task) {
+  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task, $timer) {
     $this->authorized_emails_controller->checkAuthorizedEmailAddresses();
     return true;
   }
diff --git a/lib/Cron/Workers/Beamer.php b/lib/Cron/Workers/Beamer.php
index 2de8a55b2e..f84f3f6334 100644
--- a/lib/Cron/Workers/Beamer.php
+++ b/lib/Cron/Workers/Beamer.php
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ class Beamer extends SimpleWorker {
   /** @var WPFunctions */
   private $wp;
 
-  function __construct(SettingsController $settings, WPFunctions $wp, $timer = false) {
-    parent::__construct($timer);
+  function __construct(SettingsController $settings, WPFunctions $wp) {
+    parent::__construct();
     $this->settings = $settings;
     $this->wp = $wp;
   }
 
-  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task) {
+  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task, $timer) {
     return $this->setLastAnnouncementDate();
   }
 
diff --git a/lib/Cron/Workers/Bounce.php b/lib/Cron/Workers/Bounce.php
index b1af7db916..7360856230 100644
--- a/lib/Cron/Workers/Bounce.php
+++ b/lib/Cron/Workers/Bounce.php
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ class Bounce extends SimpleWorker {
   /** @var SettingsController */
   private $settings;
 
-  function __construct(SettingsController $settings, $timer = false) {
+  function __construct(SettingsController $settings) {
     $this->settings = $settings;
-    parent::__construct($timer);
+    parent::__construct();
   }
 
   function init() {
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class Bounce extends SimpleWorker {
     return Bridge::isMPSendingServiceEnabled();
   }
 
-  function prepareTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task) {
+  function prepareTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task, $timer) {
     BounceTask::prepareSubscribers($task);
 
     if (!ScheduledTaskSubscriber::getUnprocessedCount($task->id)) {
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class Bounce extends SimpleWorker {
     return true;
   }
 
-  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task) {
+  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task, $timer) {
     $subscriber_batches = new BatchIterator($task->id, self::BATCH_SIZE);
 
     if (count($subscriber_batches) === 0) {
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class Bounce extends SimpleWorker {
 
     foreach ($subscriber_batches as $subscribers_to_process_ids) {
       // abort if execution limit is reached
-      $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($this->timer);
+      $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($timer);
 
       $subscriber_emails = Subscriber::select('email')
         ->whereIn('id', $subscribers_to_process_ids)
diff --git a/lib/Cron/Workers/ExportFilesCleanup.php b/lib/Cron/Workers/ExportFilesCleanup.php
index eea4e24c84..d72331c823 100644
--- a/lib/Cron/Workers/ExportFilesCleanup.php
+++ b/lib/Cron/Workers/ExportFilesCleanup.php
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class ExportFilesCleanup extends SimpleWorker {
   const TASK_TYPE = 'export_files_cleanup';
   const DELETE_FILES_AFTER_X_DAYS = 1;
 
-  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task) {
+  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task, $timer) {
     $iterator = new \GlobIterator(Export::getExportPath() . '/' . Export::getFilePrefix() . '*.*');
     foreach ($iterator as $file) {
       if (is_string($file)) {
diff --git a/lib/Cron/Workers/InactiveSubscribers.php b/lib/Cron/Workers/InactiveSubscribers.php
index 36d966243d..f649bdf764 100644
--- a/lib/Cron/Workers/InactiveSubscribers.php
+++ b/lib/Cron/Workers/InactiveSubscribers.php
@@ -21,16 +21,15 @@ class InactiveSubscribers extends SimpleWorker {
 
   function __construct(
     InactiveSubscribersController $inactive_subscribers_controller,
-    SettingsController $settings,
-    $timer = false
+    SettingsController $settings
   ) {
     $this->inactive_subscribers_controller = $inactive_subscribers_controller;
     $this->settings = $settings;
-    parent::__construct($timer);
+    parent::__construct();
   }
 
 
-  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task) {
+  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task, $timer) {
     $tracking_enabled = (bool)$this->settings->get('tracking.enabled');
     if (!$tracking_enabled) {
       $this->schedule();
@@ -55,10 +54,10 @@ class InactiveSubscribers extends SimpleWorker {
       $last_subscriber_id += self::BATCH_SIZE;
       $task->meta = ['last_subscriber_id' => $last_subscriber_id];
       $task->save();
-      $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($this->timer);
+      $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($timer);
     };
     while ($this->inactive_subscribers_controller->markActiveSubscribers($days_to_inactive, self::BATCH_SIZE) === self::BATCH_SIZE) {
-      $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($this->timer);
+      $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($timer);
     };
     $this->schedule();
     return true;
diff --git a/lib/Cron/Workers/KeyCheck/KeyCheckWorker.php b/lib/Cron/Workers/KeyCheck/KeyCheckWorker.php
index 51d5534b10..82d88ea4ac 100644
--- a/lib/Cron/Workers/KeyCheck/KeyCheckWorker.php
+++ b/lib/Cron/Workers/KeyCheck/KeyCheckWorker.php
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ abstract class KeyCheckWorker extends SimpleWorker {
     }
   }
 
-  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task) {
+  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task, $timer) {
     try {
       $result = $this->checkKey();
     } catch (\Exception $e) {
diff --git a/lib/Cron/Workers/KeyCheck/PremiumKeyCheck.php b/lib/Cron/Workers/KeyCheck/PremiumKeyCheck.php
index 74dd948e0f..4d1441a323 100644
--- a/lib/Cron/Workers/KeyCheck/PremiumKeyCheck.php
+++ b/lib/Cron/Workers/KeyCheck/PremiumKeyCheck.php
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ class PremiumKeyCheck extends KeyCheckWorker {
   /** @var SettingsController */
   private $settings;
 
-  function __construct(SettingsController $settings, $timer = false) {
+  function __construct(SettingsController $settings) {
     $this->settings = $settings;
-    parent::__construct($timer);
+    parent::__construct();
   }
 
 
diff --git a/lib/Cron/Workers/KeyCheck/SendingServiceKeyCheck.php b/lib/Cron/Workers/KeyCheck/SendingServiceKeyCheck.php
index f3c8448195..68e2bd7f57 100644
--- a/lib/Cron/Workers/KeyCheck/SendingServiceKeyCheck.php
+++ b/lib/Cron/Workers/KeyCheck/SendingServiceKeyCheck.php
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ class SendingServiceKeyCheck extends KeyCheckWorker {
   /** @var SettingsController */
   private $settings;
 
-  function __construct(SettingsController $settings, $timer = false) {
+  function __construct(SettingsController $settings) {
     $this->settings = $settings;
-    parent::__construct($timer);
+    parent::__construct();
   }
 
   function checkProcessingRequirements() {
diff --git a/lib/Cron/Workers/Scheduler.php b/lib/Cron/Workers/Scheduler.php
index 9082a6d380..4849e3150c 100644
--- a/lib/Cron/Workers/Scheduler.php
+++ b/lib/Cron/Workers/Scheduler.php
@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@ use MailPoetVendor\Monolog\Logger;
 class Scheduler {
   const TASK_BATCH_SIZE = 5;
 
-  public $timer;
-
   /** @var SubscribersFinder */
   private $subscribers_finder;
 
@@ -34,18 +32,19 @@ class Scheduler {
   function __construct(
     SubscribersFinder $subscribers_finder,
     LoggerFactory $logger_factory,
-    CronHelper $cron_helper,
-    $timer = false
+    CronHelper $cron_helper
   ) {
-    $this->timer = ($timer) ? $timer : microtime(true);
-    // abort if execution limit is reached
     $this->cron_helper = $cron_helper;
-    $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($this->timer);
     $this->subscribers_finder = $subscribers_finder;
     $this->logger_factory = $logger_factory;
   }
 
-  function process() {
+  function process($timer = false) {
+    $timer = $timer ?: microtime(true);
+
+    // abort if execution limit is reached
+    $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($timer);
+
     $scheduled_queues = self::getScheduledQueues();
     if (!count($scheduled_queues)) return false;
     $this->updateTasks($scheduled_queues);
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ class Scheduler {
       } elseif ($newsletter->type === Newsletter::TYPE_AUTOMATIC) {
         $this->processScheduledAutomaticEmail($newsletter, $queue);
       }
-      $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($this->timer);
+      $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($timer);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/lib/Cron/Workers/SendingQueue/Migration.php b/lib/Cron/Workers/SendingQueue/Migration.php
index 0d4f734d73..1cc4113935 100644
--- a/lib/Cron/Workers/SendingQueue/Migration.php
+++ b/lib/Cron/Workers/SendingQueue/Migration.php
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class Migration extends SimpleWorker {
     return empty($completed_tasks);
   }
 
-  function prepareTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task) {
+  function prepareTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task, $timer) {
     $unmigrated_columns = $this->checkUnmigratedColumnsExist();
     $unmigrated_queues_count = 0;
     $unmigrated_queue_subscribers = [];
@@ -73,9 +73,9 @@ class Migration extends SimpleWorker {
     }
   }
 
-  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task) {
-    $this->migrateSendingQueues();
-    $this->migrateSubscribers();
+  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task, $timer) {
+    $this->migrateSendingQueues($timer);
+    $this->migrateSubscribers($timer);
     $this->resumeSending();
     return true;
   }
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class Migration extends SimpleWorker {
   /*
    * Migrate all sending queues without converting subscriber data
    */
-  function migrateSendingQueues() {
+  function migrateSendingQueues($timer) {
     global $wpdb;
 
     $queues = $this->getUnmigratedQueues()
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class Migration extends SimpleWorker {
     if (!empty($queues)) {
       foreach (array_chunk($queues, self::BATCH_SIZE) as $queue_batch) {
         // abort if execution limit is reached
-        $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($this->timer);
+        $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($timer);
 
         foreach ($queue_batch as $queue) {
           // create a new scheduled task of type "sending"
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class Migration extends SimpleWorker {
   /*
    * Migrate subscribers for in-progress sending tasks from the `subscribers` field to a separate table
    */
-  function migrateSubscribers() {
+  function migrateSubscribers($timer) {
     global $wpdb;
 
     // find in-progress queues that have serialized subscribers
@@ -177,16 +177,16 @@ class Migration extends SimpleWorker {
     if (!empty($task_ids)) {
       foreach ($task_ids as $task_id) {
         // abort if execution limit is reached
-        $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($this->timer);
+        $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($timer);
 
-        $this->migrateTaskSubscribers($task_id);
+        $this->migrateTaskSubscribers($task_id, $timer);
       }
     }
 
     return true;
   }
 
-  function migrateTaskSubscribers($task_id) {
+  function migrateTaskSubscribers($task_id, $timer) {
     global $wpdb;
 
     $migrated_unprocessed_count = ScheduledTaskSubscriber::getUnprocessedCount($task_id);
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ class Migration extends SimpleWorker {
       $subscribers_to_migrate = array_slice($subscribers['to_process'], $migrated_unprocessed_count);
       foreach ($subscribers_to_migrate as $sub_id) {
         // abort if execution limit is reached
-        $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($this->timer);
+        $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($timer);
 
         ScheduledTaskSubscriber::createOrUpdate([
           'task_id' => $task_id,
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ class Migration extends SimpleWorker {
       $subscribers_to_migrate = array_slice($subscribers['processed'], $migrated_processed_count);
       foreach ($subscribers_to_migrate as $sub_id) {
         // abort if execution limit is reached
-        $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($this->timer);
+        $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($timer);
 
         ScheduledTaskSubscriber::createOrUpdate([
           'task_id' => $task_id,
diff --git a/lib/Cron/Workers/SendingQueue/SendingQueue.php b/lib/Cron/Workers/SendingQueue/SendingQueue.php
index 60283f2e7f..e2e82cb9ce 100644
--- a/lib/Cron/Workers/SendingQueue/SendingQueue.php
+++ b/lib/Cron/Workers/SendingQueue/SendingQueue.php
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ use function MailPoet\Util\array_column;
 class SendingQueue {
   public $mailer_task;
   public $newsletter_task;
-  public $timer;
   public $batch_size;
   const BATCH_SIZE = 20;
   const TASK_BATCH_SIZE = 5;
@@ -54,7 +53,6 @@ class SendingQueue {
     LoggerFactory $logger_factory,
     NewslettersRepository $newsletters_repository,
     CronHelper $cron_helper,
-    $timer = false,
     $mailer_task = false,
     $newsletter_task = false
   ) {
@@ -62,7 +60,6 @@ class SendingQueue {
     $this->stats_notifications_scheduler = $stats_notifications_scheduler;
     $this->mailer_task = ($mailer_task) ? $mailer_task : new MailerTask();
     $this->newsletter_task = ($newsletter_task) ? $newsletter_task : new NewsletterTask();
-    $this->timer = ($timer) ? $timer : microtime(true);
     $this->mailerMetaInfo = new MetaInfo;
     $wp = new WPFunctions;
     $this->batch_size = $wp->applyFilters('mailpoet_cron_worker_sending_queue_batch_size', self::BATCH_SIZE);
@@ -71,8 +68,9 @@ class SendingQueue {
     $this->cron_helper = $cron_helper;
   }
 
-  function process() {
-    $this->enforceSendingAndExecutionLimits();
+  function process($timer = false) {
+    $timer = $timer ?: microtime(true);
+    $this->enforceSendingAndExecutionLimits($timer);
     foreach (self::getRunningQueues() as $queue) {
       if (!$queue instanceof SendingTask) continue;
       ScheduledTaskModel::touchAllByIds([$queue->task_id]);
@@ -147,7 +145,8 @@ class SendingQueue {
         $queue = $this->processQueue(
           $queue,
           $_newsletter,
-          $found_subscribers
+          $found_subscribers,
+          $timer
         );
         $this->logger_factory->getLogger(LoggerFactory::TOPIC_NEWSLETTERS)->addInfo(
           'after queue chunk processing',
@@ -161,12 +160,12 @@ class SendingQueue {
           $this->newsletter_task->markNewsletterAsSent($newsletter, $queue);
           $this->stats_notifications_scheduler->schedule($this->newsletters_repository->findOneById($newsletter->id));
         }
-        $this->enforceSendingAndExecutionLimits();
+        $this->enforceSendingAndExecutionLimits($timer);
       }
     }
   }
 
-  function processQueue($queue, $newsletter, $subscribers) {
+  function processQueue($queue, $newsletter, $subscribers, $timer) {
     // determine if processing is done in bulk or individually
     $processing_method = $this->mailer_task->getProcessingMethod();
     $prepared_newsletters = [];
@@ -204,6 +203,7 @@ class SendingQueue {
           $prepared_newsletters[0],
           $prepared_subscribers[0],
           $statistics[0],
+          $timer,
           ['unsubscribe_url' => $unsubscribe_urls[0], 'meta' => $metas[0]]
         );
         $prepared_newsletters = [];
@@ -220,6 +220,7 @@ class SendingQueue {
         $prepared_newsletters,
         $prepared_subscribers,
         $statistics,
+        $timer,
         ['unsubscribe_url' => $unsubscribe_urls, 'meta' => $metas]
       );
     }
@@ -228,7 +229,7 @@ class SendingQueue {
 
   function sendNewsletter(
     SendingTask $sending_task, $prepared_subscriber_id, $prepared_newsletter,
-    $prepared_subscriber, $statistics, $extra_params = []
+    $prepared_subscriber, $statistics, $timer, $extra_params = []
   ) {
     // send newsletter
     $send_result = $this->mailer_task->send(
@@ -241,13 +242,14 @@ class SendingQueue {
       $send_result,
       [$prepared_subscriber],
       [$prepared_subscriber_id],
-      [$statistics]
+      [$statistics],
+      $timer
     );
   }
 
   function sendNewsletters(
     SendingTask $sending_task, $prepared_subscribers_ids, $prepared_newsletters,
-    $prepared_subscribers, $statistics, $extra_params = []
+    $prepared_subscribers, $statistics, $timer, $extra_params = []
   ) {
     // send newsletters
     $send_result = $this->mailer_task->sendBulk(
@@ -260,7 +262,8 @@ class SendingQueue {
       $send_result,
       $prepared_subscribers,
       $prepared_subscribers_ids,
-      $statistics
+      $statistics,
+      $timer
     );
   }
 
@@ -269,7 +272,8 @@ class SendingQueue {
     $send_result,
     array $prepared_subscribers,
     array $prepared_subscribers_ids,
-    array $statistics
+    array $statistics,
+    $timer
   ) {
     // log error message and schedule retry/pause sending
     if ($send_result['response'] === false) {
@@ -292,14 +296,14 @@ class SendingQueue {
     $this->mailer_task->updateSentCount();
     // enforce execution limits if queue is still being processed
     if ($sending_task->status !== ScheduledTaskModel::STATUS_COMPLETED) {
-      $this->enforceSendingAndExecutionLimits();
+      $this->enforceSendingAndExecutionLimits($timer);
     }
     return $sending_task;
   }
 
-  function enforceSendingAndExecutionLimits() {
+  function enforceSendingAndExecutionLimits($timer) {
     // abort if execution limit is reached
-    $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($this->timer);
+    $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($timer);
     // abort if sending limit has been reached
     MailerLog::enforceExecutionRequirements();
   }
diff --git a/lib/Cron/Workers/SimpleWorker.php b/lib/Cron/Workers/SimpleWorker.php
index 706cdb8283..043fd540d9 100644
--- a/lib/Cron/Workers/SimpleWorker.php
+++ b/lib/Cron/Workers/SimpleWorker.php
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ use MailPoet\Models\ScheduledTask;
 use MailPoet\WP\Functions as WPFunctions;
 
 abstract class SimpleWorker {
-  public $timer;
   private $wp;
   const TASK_TYPE = null;
   const TASK_BATCH_SIZE = 5;
@@ -26,15 +25,13 @@ abstract class SimpleWorker {
   /** @var CronWorkerScheduler */
   protected $cron_worker_scheduler;
 
-  function __construct($timer = false) {
+  function __construct() {
     if (static::TASK_TYPE === null) {
       throw new \Exception('Constant TASK_TYPE is not defined on subclass ' . get_class($this));
     }
-    $this->timer = ($timer) ? $timer : microtime(true);
-    // abort if execution limit is reached
-    $this->cron_helper = ContainerWrapper::getInstance()->get(CronHelper::class);
-    $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($this->timer);
+
     $this->wp = new WPFunctions();
+    $this->cron_helper = ContainerWrapper::getInstance()->get(CronHelper::class);
     $this->cron_worker_scheduler = ContainerWrapper::getInstance()->get(CronWorkerScheduler::class);
   }
 
@@ -45,7 +42,12 @@ abstract class SimpleWorker {
   function init() {
   }
 
-  function process() {
+  function process($timer = false) {
+    $timer = $timer ?: microtime(true);
+
+    // abort if execution limit is reached
+    $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($timer);
+
     if (!$this->checkProcessingRequirements()) {
       return false;
     }
@@ -65,10 +67,10 @@ abstract class SimpleWorker {
     $task = null;
     try {
       foreach ($scheduled_tasks as $i => $task) {
-        $this->prepareTask($task);
+        $this->prepareTask($task, $timer);
       }
       foreach ($running_tasks as $i => $task) {
-        $this->processTask($task);
+        $this->processTask($task, $timer);
       }
     } catch (\Exception $e) {
       if ($task && $e->getCode() !== CronHelper::DAEMON_EXECUTION_LIMIT_REACHED) {
@@ -84,20 +86,20 @@ abstract class SimpleWorker {
     $this->cron_worker_scheduler->schedule(static::TASK_TYPE, static::getNextRunDate());
   }
 
-  function prepareTask(ScheduledTask $task) {
+  function prepareTask(ScheduledTask $task, $timer) {
     // abort if execution limit is reached
-    $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($this->timer);
+    $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($timer);
 
-    $prepare_completed = $this->prepareTaskStrategy($task);
+    $prepare_completed = $this->prepareTaskStrategy($task, $timer);
     if ($prepare_completed) {
       $task->status = null;
       $task->save();
     }
   }
 
-  function processTask(ScheduledTask $task) {
+  function processTask(ScheduledTask $task, $timer) {
     // abort if execution limit is reached
-    $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($this->timer);
+    $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($timer);
 
     if (!static::SUPPORT_MULTIPLE_INSTANCES) {
       if ($this->rescheduleOutdated($task)) {
@@ -111,7 +113,7 @@ abstract class SimpleWorker {
     $this->startProgress($task);
 
     try {
-      $completed = $this->processTaskStrategy($task);
+      $completed = $this->processTaskStrategy($task, $timer);
     } catch (\Exception $e) {
       $this->stopProgress($task);
       throw $e;
@@ -126,11 +128,11 @@ abstract class SimpleWorker {
     return (bool)$completed;
   }
 
-  function prepareTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task) {
+  function prepareTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task, $timer) {
     return true;
   }
 
-  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task) {
+  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task, $timer) {
     return true;
   }
 
diff --git a/lib/Cron/Workers/StatsNotifications/AutomatedEmails.php b/lib/Cron/Workers/StatsNotifications/AutomatedEmails.php
index 409d7710fa..4953254b84 100644
--- a/lib/Cron/Workers/StatsNotifications/AutomatedEmails.php
+++ b/lib/Cron/Workers/StatsNotifications/AutomatedEmails.php
@@ -31,9 +31,6 @@ class AutomatedEmails extends SimpleWorker {
   /** @var MetaInfo */
   private $mailerMetaInfo;
 
-  /** @var float */
-  public $timer;
-
   /** @var NewslettersRepository */
   private $repository;
 
@@ -46,15 +43,13 @@ class AutomatedEmails extends SimpleWorker {
     SettingsController $settings,
     NewslettersRepository $repository,
     NewsletterStatisticsRepository $newsletter_statistics_repository,
-    MetaInfo $mailerMetaInfo,
-    $timer = false
+    MetaInfo $mailerMetaInfo
   ) {
-    parent::__construct($timer);
+    parent::__construct();
     $this->mailer = $mailer;
     $this->settings = $settings;
     $this->renderer = $renderer;
     $this->mailerMetaInfo = $mailerMetaInfo;
-    $this->timer = $timer ?: microtime(true);
     $this->repository = $repository;
     $this->newsletter_statistics_repository = $newsletter_statistics_repository;
   }
@@ -79,7 +74,7 @@ class AutomatedEmails extends SimpleWorker {
     return (bool)$settings['automated'];
   }
 
-  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task) {
+  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task, $timer) {
     try {
       $settings = $this->settings->get(Worker::SETTINGS_KEY);
       $newsletters = $this->getNewsletters();
diff --git a/lib/Cron/Workers/StatsNotifications/Worker.php b/lib/Cron/Workers/StatsNotifications/Worker.php
index 536e423d64..493857e4e0 100644
--- a/lib/Cron/Workers/StatsNotifications/Worker.php
+++ b/lib/Cron/Workers/StatsNotifications/Worker.php
@@ -24,9 +24,6 @@ class Worker {
   const TASK_TYPE = 'stats_notification';
   const SETTINGS_KEY = 'stats_notifications';
 
-  /** @var float */
-  public $timer;
-
   /** @var Renderer */
   private $renderer;
 
@@ -63,10 +60,8 @@ class Worker {
     StatsNotificationsRepository $repository,
     NewsletterLinkRepository $newsletter_link_repository,
     NewsletterStatisticsRepository $newsletter_statistics_repository,
-    EntityManager $entity_manager,
-    $timer = false
+    EntityManager $entity_manager
   ) {
-    $this->timer = $timer ?: microtime(true);
     $this->renderer = $renderer;
     $this->mailer = $mailer;
     $this->settings = $settings;
@@ -79,7 +74,8 @@ class Worker {
   }
 
   /** @throws \Exception */
-  function process() {
+  function process($timer = false) {
+    $timer = $timer ?: microtime(true);
     $settings = $this->settings->get(self::SETTINGS_KEY);
     foreach ($this->repository->findScheduled(Sending::RESULT_BATCH_SIZE) as $stats_notification_entity) {
       try {
@@ -94,7 +90,7 @@ class Worker {
       } finally {
         $this->markTaskAsFinished($stats_notification_entity->getTask());
       }
-      $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($this->timer);
+      $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($timer);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/lib/Cron/Workers/SubscriberLinkTokens.php b/lib/Cron/Workers/SubscriberLinkTokens.php
index 5c65fc6087..de7f854220 100644
--- a/lib/Cron/Workers/SubscriberLinkTokens.php
+++ b/lib/Cron/Workers/SubscriberLinkTokens.php
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class SubscriberLinkTokens extends SimpleWorker {
   const BATCH_SIZE = 10000;
   const AUTOMATIC_SCHEDULING = false;
 
-  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task) {
+  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task, $timer) {
     $count = Subscriber::whereNull('link_token')->count();
     if ($count) {
       $auth_key = defined('AUTH_KEY') ? AUTH_KEY : '';
diff --git a/lib/Cron/Workers/UnsubscribeTokens.php b/lib/Cron/Workers/UnsubscribeTokens.php
index 5434702154..f621da0807 100644
--- a/lib/Cron/Workers/UnsubscribeTokens.php
+++ b/lib/Cron/Workers/UnsubscribeTokens.php
@@ -15,16 +15,16 @@ class UnsubscribeTokens extends SimpleWorker {
   const BATCH_SIZE = 1000;
   const AUTOMATIC_SCHEDULING = false;
 
-  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task) {
+  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task, $timer) {
     $meta = $task->getMeta();
     do {
-      $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($this->timer);
+      $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($timer);
       $subscribers_count = $this->addTokens(Subscriber::class, $meta['last_subscriber_id']);
       $task->meta = $meta;
       $task->save();
     } while ($subscribers_count === self::BATCH_SIZE);
     do {
-      $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($this->timer);
+      $this->cron_helper->enforceExecutionLimit($timer);
       $newsletters_count = $this->addTokens(Newsletter::class, $meta['last_newsletter_id']);
       $task->meta = $meta;
       $task->save();
diff --git a/lib/Cron/Workers/WooCommercePastOrders.php b/lib/Cron/Workers/WooCommercePastOrders.php
index b4245202fe..a35322e3ea 100644
--- a/lib/Cron/Workers/WooCommercePastOrders.php
+++ b/lib/Cron/Workers/WooCommercePastOrders.php
@@ -22,19 +22,18 @@ class WooCommercePastOrders extends SimpleWorker {
 
   function __construct(
     WCHelper $woocommerce_helper,
-    WooCommercePurchases $woocommerce_purchases,
-    $timer = false
+    WooCommercePurchases $woocommerce_purchases
   ) {
     $this->woocommerce_helper = $woocommerce_helper;
     $this->woocommerce_purchases = $woocommerce_purchases;
-    parent::__construct($timer);
+    parent::__construct();
   }
 
   function checkProcessingRequirements() {
     return $this->woocommerce_helper->isWooCommerceActive() && empty($this->getCompletedTasks()); // run only once
   }
 
-  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task) {
+  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task, $timer) {
     $oldest_click = StatisticsClicks::orderByAsc('created_at')->limit(1)->findOne();
     if (!$oldest_click instanceof StatisticsClicks) {
       return true;
diff --git a/lib/Cron/Workers/WooCommerceSync.php b/lib/Cron/Workers/WooCommerceSync.php
index a63345904e..8ce010bfb2 100644
--- a/lib/Cron/Workers/WooCommerceSync.php
+++ b/lib/Cron/Workers/WooCommerceSync.php
@@ -18,17 +18,17 @@ class WooCommerceSync extends SimpleWorker {
   /** @var WooCommerceHelper */
   private $woocommerce_helper;
 
-  function __construct(WooCommerceSegment $woocommerce_segment, WooCommerceHelper $woocommerce_helper, $timer = false) {
+  function __construct(WooCommerceSegment $woocommerce_segment, WooCommerceHelper $woocommerce_helper) {
     $this->woocommerce_segment = $woocommerce_segment;
     $this->woocommerce_helper = $woocommerce_helper;
-    parent::__construct($timer);
+    parent::__construct();
   }
 
   function checkProcessingRequirements() {
     return $this->woocommerce_helper->isWooCommerceActive();
   }
 
-  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task) {
+  function processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask $task, $timer) {
     $this->woocommerce_segment->synchronizeCustomers();
     return true;
   }
diff --git a/lib/Cron/Workers/WorkersFactory.php b/lib/Cron/Workers/WorkersFactory.php
index c03068ccaf..7f12e64b5d 100644
--- a/lib/Cron/Workers/WorkersFactory.php
+++ b/lib/Cron/Workers/WorkersFactory.php
@@ -136,24 +136,23 @@ class WorkersFactory {
   }
 
   /** @return SchedulerWorker */
-  function createScheduleWorker($timer) {
-    return new SchedulerWorker($this->subscribers_finder, $this->logger_factory, $this->cron_helper, $timer);
+  function createScheduleWorker() {
+    return new SchedulerWorker($this->subscribers_finder, $this->logger_factory, $this->cron_helper);
   }
 
   /** @return SendingQueueWorker */
-  function createQueueWorker($timer) {
+  function createQueueWorker() {
     return new SendingQueueWorker(
       $this->sending_error_handler,
       $this->statsNotificationsScheduler,
       $this->logger_factory,
       $this->newsletters_repository,
-      $this->cron_helper,
-      $timer
+      $this->cron_helper
     );
   }
 
   /** @return StatsNotificationsWorker */
-  function createStatsNotificationsWorker($timer) {
+  function createStatsNotificationsWorker() {
     return new StatsNotificationsWorker(
       $this->mailer,
       $this->renderer,
@@ -163,81 +162,79 @@ class WorkersFactory {
       $this->stats_notifications_repository,
       $this->newsletter_link_repository,
       $this->newsletter_statistics_repository,
-      $this->entity_manager,
-      $timer
+      $this->entity_manager
     );
   }
 
   /** @return StatsNotificationsWorkerForAutomatedEmails */
-  function createStatsNotificationsWorkerForAutomatedEmails($timer) {
+  function createStatsNotificationsWorkerForAutomatedEmails() {
     return new StatsNotificationsWorkerForAutomatedEmails(
       $this->mailer,
       $this->renderer,
       $this->settings,
       $this->newsletters_repository,
       $this->newsletter_statistics_repository,
-      $this->mailerMetaInfo,
-      $timer
+      $this->mailerMetaInfo
     );
   }
 
   /** @return SendingServiceKeyCheckWorker */
-  function createSendingServiceKeyCheckWorker($timer) {
-    return new SendingServiceKeyCheckWorker($this->settings, $timer);
+  function createSendingServiceKeyCheckWorker() {
+    return new SendingServiceKeyCheckWorker($this->settings);
   }
 
   /** @return PremiumKeyCheckWorker */
-  function createPremiumKeyCheckWorker($timer) {
-    return new PremiumKeyCheckWorker($this->settings, $timer);
+  function createPremiumKeyCheckWorker() {
+    return new PremiumKeyCheckWorker($this->settings);
   }
 
   /** @return BounceWorker */
-  function createBounceWorker($timer) {
-    return new BounceWorker($this->settings, $timer);
+  function createBounceWorker() {
+    return new BounceWorker($this->settings);
   }
 
   /** @return MigrationWorker */
-  function createMigrationWorker($timer) {
-    return new MigrationWorker($timer);
+  function createMigrationWorker() {
+    return new MigrationWorker();
   }
 
   /** @return WooCommerceSyncWorker */
-  function createWooCommerceSyncWorker($timer) {
-    return new WooCommerceSyncWorker($this->woocommerce_segment, $this->woocommerce_helper, $timer);
+  function createWooCommerceSyncWorker() {
+    return new WooCommerceSyncWorker($this->woocommerce_segment, $this->woocommerce_helper);
   }
 
   /** @return ExportFilesCleanup */
-  function createExportFilesCleanupWorker($timer) {
-    return new ExportFilesCleanup($timer);
+  function createExportFilesCleanupWorker() {
+    return new ExportFilesCleanup();
   }
 
   /** @return Beamer */
-  function createBeamerkWorker($timer) {
-    return new Beamer($this->settings, WPFunctions::get(), $timer);
+  function createBeamerkWorker() {
+    return new Beamer($this->settings, WPFunctions::get());
   }
 
   /** @return InactiveSubscribers */
-  function createInactiveSubscribersWorker($timer) {
-    return new InactiveSubscribers($this->inactive_subscribers_controller, $this->settings, $timer);
+  function createInactiveSubscribersWorker() {
+    return new InactiveSubscribers($this->inactive_subscribers_controller, $this->settings);
   }
 
     /** @return UnsubscribeTokens */
-  function createUnsubscribeTokensWorker($timer) {
-    return new UnsubscribeTokens($timer);
+  function createUnsubscribeTokensWorker() {
+    return new UnsubscribeTokens();
   }
 
    /** @return SubscriberLinkTokens */
-  function createSubscriberLinkTokensWorker($timer) {
-    return new SubscriberLinkTokens($timer);
+  function createSubscriberLinkTokensWorker() {
+    return new SubscriberLinkTokens();
   }
 
   /** @return AuthorizedSendingEmailsCheck */
-  function createAuthorizedSendingEmailsCheckWorker($timer) {
-    return new AuthorizedSendingEmailsCheck($this->authorized_emails_controller, $timer);
+  function createAuthorizedSendingEmailsCheckWorker() {
+    return new AuthorizedSendingEmailsCheck($this->authorized_emails_controller);
   }
 
   /** @return WooCommercePastOrders */
-  function createWooCommercePastOrdersWorker($timer) {
-    return new WooCommercePastOrders($this->woocommerce_helper, $this->woocommerce_purchases, $timer);
+  function createWooCommercePastOrdersWorker() {
+    return new WooCommercePastOrders($this->woocommerce_helper, $this->woocommerce_purchases);
   }
 }
diff --git a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/AuthorizedSendingEmailsCheckTest.php b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/AuthorizedSendingEmailsCheckTest.php
index 998d17c479..b413bdb411 100644
--- a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/AuthorizedSendingEmailsCheckTest.php
+++ b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/AuthorizedSendingEmailsCheckTest.php
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class AuthorizedSendingEmailsCheckTest extends \MailPoetTest {
   function testItRunsCheckOnBridge() {
     $bridge_mock = $this->makeEmpty(AuthorizedEmailsController::class, ['checkAuthorizedEmailAddresses' => Stub\Expected::once()]);
     $worker = new AuthorizedSendingEmailsCheck($bridge_mock);
-    $worker->processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask::createOrUpdate([]));
+    $worker->processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask::createOrUpdate([]), microtime(true));
   }
 
   function testItDoesNotScheduleAutomatically() {
diff --git a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/BounceTest.php b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/BounceTest.php
index 9f3bf241d7..e4600ac3ed 100644
--- a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/BounceTest.php
+++ b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/BounceTest.php
@@ -56,20 +56,20 @@ class BounceTest extends \MailPoetTest {
   function testItDeletesAllSubscribersIfThereAreNoSubscribersToProcessWhenPreparingTask() {
     // 1st run - subscribers will be processed
     $task = $this->createScheduledTask();
-    $this->worker->prepareTask($task);
+    $this->worker->prepareTask($task, microtime(true));
     expect(ScheduledTaskSubscriber::where('task_id', $task->id)->findMany())->notEmpty();
 
     // 2nd run - nothing more to process, ScheduledTaskSubscriber will be cleaned up
     Subscriber::deleteMany();
     $task = $this->createScheduledTask();
-    $this->worker->prepareTask($task);
+    $this->worker->prepareTask($task, microtime(true));
     expect(ScheduledTaskSubscriber::where('task_id', $task->id)->findMany())->isEmpty();
   }
 
   function testItPreparesTask() {
     $task = $this->createScheduledTask();
     expect(ScheduledTaskSubscriber::getUnprocessedCount($task->id))->isEmpty();
-    $this->worker->prepareTask($task);
+    $this->worker->prepareTask($task, microtime(true));
     expect($task->status)->null();
     expect(ScheduledTaskSubscriber::getUnprocessedCount($task->id))->notEmpty();
   }
@@ -77,21 +77,21 @@ class BounceTest extends \MailPoetTest {
   function testItDeletesAllSubscribersIfThereAreNoSubscribersToProcessWhenProcessingTask() {
     // prepare subscribers
     $task = $this->createScheduledTask();
-    $this->worker->prepareTask($task);
+    $this->worker->prepareTask($task, microtime(true));
     expect(ScheduledTaskSubscriber::where('task_id', $task->id)->findMany())->notEmpty();
 
     // process - no subscribers found, ScheduledTaskSubscriber will be cleaned up
     Subscriber::deleteMany();
     $task = $this->createScheduledTask();
-    $this->worker->processTask($task);
+    $this->worker->processTask($task, microtime(true));
     expect(ScheduledTaskSubscriber::where('task_id', $task->id)->findMany())->isEmpty();
   }
 
   function testItProcessesTask() {
     $task = $this->createRunningTask();
-    $this->worker->prepareTask($task);
+    $this->worker->prepareTask($task, microtime(true));
     expect(ScheduledTaskSubscriber::getUnprocessedCount($task->id))->notEmpty();
-    $this->worker->processTask($task);
+    $this->worker->processTask($task, microtime(true));
     expect(ScheduledTaskSubscriber::getProcessedCount($task->id))->notEmpty();
   }
 
diff --git a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/ExportFilesCleanupTest.php b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/ExportFilesCleanupTest.php
index 46027d22db..875033e15c 100644
--- a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/ExportFilesCleanupTest.php
+++ b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/ExportFilesCleanupTest.php
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class ExportFilesCleanupTest extends \MailPoetTest {
     touch($new_file_path);
 
     $cleanup = new ExportFilesCleanup();
-    $cleanup->processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask::createOrUpdate([]));
+    $cleanup->processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask::createOrUpdate([]), microtime(true));
 
     $this->assertFileExists($new_file_path);
     $this->assertFileNotExists($old_file_path);
diff --git a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/InactiveSubscribersTest.php b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/InactiveSubscribersTest.php
index 92fcde86f8..83201b078b 100644
--- a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/InactiveSubscribersTest.php
+++ b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/InactiveSubscribersTest.php
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class InactiveSubscribersTest extends \MailPoetTest {
     ], $this);
 
     $worker = new InactiveSubscribers($controller_mock, $this->settings);
-    $worker->processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask::createOrUpdate([]));
+    $worker->processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask::createOrUpdate([]), microtime(true));
 
     $task = ScheduledTask::where('type', InactiveSubscribers::TASK_TYPE)
       ->where('status', ScheduledTask::STATUS_SCHEDULED)
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class InactiveSubscribersTest extends \MailPoetTest {
     ], $this);
 
     $worker = new InactiveSubscribers($controller_mock, $this->settings);
-    $worker->processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask::createOrUpdate([]));
+    $worker->processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask::createOrUpdate([]), microtime(true));
   }
 
   function testItSchedulesNextRunWhenFinished() {
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class InactiveSubscribersTest extends \MailPoetTest {
     ], $this);
 
     $worker = new InactiveSubscribers($controller_mock, $this->settings);
-    $worker->processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask::createOrUpdate([]));
+    $worker->processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask::createOrUpdate([]), microtime(true));
 
     $task = ScheduledTask::where('type', InactiveSubscribers::TASK_TYPE)
       ->where('status', ScheduledTask::STATUS_SCHEDULED)
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class InactiveSubscribersTest extends \MailPoetTest {
     $worker = new InactiveSubscribers($controller_mock, $this->settings);
     $worker->processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask::createOrUpdate(
       ['meta' => ['max_subscriber_id' => 2001 /* 3 iterations of BATCH_SIZE in markInactiveSubscribers */]]
-    ));
+    ), microtime(true));
 
     expect($controller_mock->markInactiveSubscribers(5, 1000))->equals('ok');
     expect($controller_mock->markActiveSubscribers(5, 1000))->equals('ok');
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ class InactiveSubscribersTest extends \MailPoetTest {
     $task = ScheduledTask::createOrUpdate([]);
 
     $worker = new InactiveSubscribers($controller_mock, $this->settings);
-    $worker->processTaskStrategy($task);
+    $worker->processTaskStrategy($task, microtime(true));
 
     $meta = $task->getMeta();
     expect(isset($meta['last_subscriber_id']))->equals(false);
@@ -117,9 +117,8 @@ class InactiveSubscribersTest extends \MailPoetTest {
       'reactivateInactiveSubscribers' => Stub\Expected::never(),
     ], $this);
 
-    $worker = new InactiveSubscribers($controller_mock, $this->settings, microtime(true) - ($this->cron_helper->getDaemonExecutionLimit() - 1));
-    sleep(1);
+    $worker = new InactiveSubscribers($controller_mock, $this->settings);
     $this->setExpectedException(\Exception::class, 'Maximum execution time has been reached.');
-    $worker->processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask::createOrUpdate([]));
+    $worker->processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask::createOrUpdate([]), microtime(true) - $this->cron_helper->getDaemonExecutionLimit());
   }
 }
diff --git a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/KeyCheck/KeyCheckWorkerTest.php b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/KeyCheck/KeyCheckWorkerTest.php
index b1159057de..610c12287b 100644
--- a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/KeyCheck/KeyCheckWorkerTest.php
+++ b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/KeyCheck/KeyCheckWorkerTest.php
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class KeyCheckWorkerTest extends \MailPoetTest {
 
   function testItReturnsTrueOnSuccessfulKeyCheck() {
     $task = $this->createRunningTask();
-    $result = $this->worker->processTaskStrategy($task);
+    $result = $this->worker->processTaskStrategy($task, microtime(true));
     expect($result)->true();
   }
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class KeyCheckWorkerTest extends \MailPoetTest {
       ['rescheduleProgressively' => Expected::once()],
       $this
     );
-    $result = $worker->processTaskStrategy($task);
+    $result = $worker->processTaskStrategy($task, microtime(true));
     expect($result)->false();
   }
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class KeyCheckWorkerTest extends \MailPoetTest {
       ['rescheduleProgressively' => Expected::once()],
       $this
     );
-    $result = $worker->processTaskStrategy($task);
+    $result = $worker->processTaskStrategy($task, microtime(true));
     expect($result)->false();
   }
 
diff --git a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/SchedulerTest.php b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/SchedulerTest.php
index 8bb389112c..f8b79fc76f 100644
--- a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/SchedulerTest.php
+++ b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/SchedulerTest.php
@@ -34,17 +34,10 @@ class SchedulerTest extends \MailPoetTest {
     $this->cron_helper = ContainerWrapper::getInstance()->get(CronHelper::class);
   }
 
-  function testItConstructs() {
-    $scheduler = new Scheduler($this->makeEmpty(SubscribersFinder::class), $this->logger_factory, $this->cron_helper);
-    expect($scheduler->timer)->greaterOrEquals(5);
-    $timer = microtime(true) - 2;
-    $scheduler = new Scheduler($this->makeEmpty(SubscribersFinder::class), $this->logger_factory, $this->cron_helper, $timer);
-    expect($scheduler->timer)->equals($timer);
-  }
-
   function testItThrowsExceptionWhenExecutionLimitIsReached() {
     try {
-      $scheduler = new Scheduler($this->makeEmpty(SubscribersFinder::class), $this->logger_factory, $this->cron_helper, microtime(true) - $this->cron_helper->getDaemonExecutionLimit());
+      $scheduler = new Scheduler($this->makeEmpty(SubscribersFinder::class), $this->logger_factory, $this->cron_helper);
+      $scheduler->process(microtime(true) - $this->cron_helper->getDaemonExecutionLimit());
       self::fail('Maximum execution time limit exception was not thrown.');
     } catch (\Exception $e) {
       expect($e->getMessage())->equals('Maximum execution time has been reached.');
@@ -556,15 +549,11 @@ class SchedulerTest extends \MailPoetTest {
     $queue->save();
     $scheduler = Stub::make(Scheduler::class, [
       'processPostNotificationNewsletter' => Expected::exactly(1),
-      'cron_helper' => $this->cron_helper,
+      'cron_helper' => $this->make(CronHelper::class, [
+        'enforceExecutionLimit' => Expected::exactly(2), // call at start + during processing
+      ]),
     ], $this);
-    $scheduler->timer = microtime(true) - $this->cron_helper->getDaemonExecutionLimit();
-    try {
-      $scheduler->process();
-      self::fail('Maximum execution time limit exception was not thrown.');
-    } catch (\Exception $e) {
-      expect($e->getMessage())->equals('Maximum execution time has been reached.');
-    }
+    $scheduler->process();
   }
 
   function testItDoesNotProcessScheduledJobsWhenNewsletterIsNotActive() {
diff --git a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/SendingQueue/MigrationTest.php b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/SendingQueue/MigrationTest.php
index 9c50693518..8f00defea0 100644
--- a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/SendingQueue/MigrationTest.php
+++ b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/SendingQueue/MigrationTest.php
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class MigrationTest extends \MailPoetTest {
   function testItPausesSendingWhenPreparingATask() {
     $task = $this->createScheduledTask();
     expect(MailerLog::isSendingPaused())->false();
-    $this->worker->prepareTask($task);
+    $this->worker->prepareTask($task, microtime(true));
     expect($task->status)->null();
     expect(MailerLog::isSendingPaused())->true();
   }
@@ -66,14 +66,14 @@ class MigrationTest extends \MailPoetTest {
     $this->worker->pauseSending();
     expect(MailerLog::isSendingPaused())->true();
     $task = $this->createScheduledTask();
-    $this->worker->prepareTask($task);
+    $this->worker->prepareTask($task, microtime(true));
     expect(MailerLog::isSendingPaused())->false();
   }
 
   function testItCompletesTaskIfThereIsNothingToMigrate() {
     SendingQueue::deleteMany();
     $task = $this->createScheduledTask();
-    $this->worker->prepareTask($task);
+    $this->worker->prepareTask($task, microtime(true));
     expect(ScheduledTask::findOne($task->id)->status)->equals(ScheduledTask::STATUS_COMPLETED);
   }
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class MigrationTest extends \MailPoetTest {
     expect(ScheduledTaskSubscriber::whereGt('task_id', 0)->count())->equals(0);
 
     $task = $this->createRunningTask();
-    $this->worker->processTask($task);
+    $this->worker->processTask($task, microtime(true));
 
     expect($this->worker->getUnmigratedQueues()->count())->equals(0);
     expect(ScheduledTask::where('type', SendingTask::TASK_TYPE)->findMany())->count(4);
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class MigrationTest extends \MailPoetTest {
     $this->worker->pauseSending();
     expect(MailerLog::isSendingPaused())->true();
     $task = $this->createRunningTask();
-    $this->worker->processTask($task);
+    $this->worker->processTask($task, microtime(true));
     expect(MailerLog::isSendingPaused())->false();
   }
 
diff --git a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/SendingQueue/SendingQueueTest.php b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/SendingQueue/SendingQueueTest.php
index 31fe3abae9..87e539db9d 100644
--- a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/SendingQueue/SendingQueueTest.php
+++ b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/SendingQueue/SendingQueueTest.php
@@ -134,19 +134,6 @@ class SendingQueueTest extends \MailPoetTest {
     expect($this->sending_queue_worker->batch_size)->equals(SendingQueueWorker::BATCH_SIZE);
     expect($this->sending_queue_worker->mailer_task instanceof MailerTask);
     expect($this->sending_queue_worker->newsletter_task instanceof NewsletterTask);
-    expect(strlen($this->sending_queue_worker->timer))->greaterOrEquals(5);
-
-    // constructor accepts timer argument
-    $timer = microtime(true) - 5;
-    $sending_queue_worker = new SendingQueueWorker(
-      $this->sending_error_handler,
-      $this->stats_notifications_worker,
-      $this->logger_factory,
-      Stub::makeEmpty(NewslettersRepository::class),
-      $this->cron_helper,
-      $timer
-    );
-    expect($sending_queue_worker->timer)->equals($timer);
   }
 
   function testItEnforcesExecutionLimitsBeforeQueueProcessing() {
@@ -185,7 +172,6 @@ class SendingQueueTest extends \MailPoetTest {
       $this->logger_factory,
       Stub::makeEmpty(NewslettersRepository::class),
       $this->cron_helper,
-      $timer = false,
       Stub::make(
         new MailerTask(),
         [
@@ -202,7 +188,8 @@ class SendingQueueTest extends \MailPoetTest {
         'newsletter_id' => 1,
         'subscriber_id' => 1,
         'queue_id' => $this->queue->id,
-      ]
+      ],
+      microtime(true)
     );
   }
 
@@ -223,7 +210,6 @@ class SendingQueueTest extends \MailPoetTest {
       $this->logger_factory,
       Stub::makeEmpty(NewslettersRepository::class),
       $this->cron_helper,
-      $timer = false,
       Stub::make(
         new MailerTask(),
         [
@@ -240,7 +226,8 @@ class SendingQueueTest extends \MailPoetTest {
         'newsletter_id' => 1,
         'subscriber_id' => 1,
         'queue_id' => $queue->id,
-      ]
+      ],
+      microtime(true)
     );
   }
 
@@ -282,7 +269,6 @@ class SendingQueueTest extends \MailPoetTest {
       $this->logger_factory,
       Stub::makeEmpty(NewslettersRepository::class, ['findOneById' => new NewsletterEntity()]),
       $this->cron_helper,
-      $timer = false,
       Stub::make(
         new MailerTask(),
         [
@@ -313,7 +299,6 @@ class SendingQueueTest extends \MailPoetTest {
       $this->logger_factory,
       Stub::makeEmpty(NewslettersRepository::class, ['findOneById' => new NewsletterEntity()]),
       $this->cron_helper,
-      $timer = false,
       Stub::make(
         new MailerTask(),
         [
@@ -342,7 +327,6 @@ class SendingQueueTest extends \MailPoetTest {
       $this->logger_factory,
       Stub::makeEmpty(NewslettersRepository::class, ['findOneById' => new NewsletterEntity()]),
       $this->cron_helper,
-      $timer = false,
       Stub::make(
         new MailerTask(),
         [
@@ -390,7 +374,6 @@ class SendingQueueTest extends \MailPoetTest {
       $this->logger_factory,
       Stub::makeEmpty(NewslettersRepository::class, ['findOneById' => new NewsletterEntity()]),
       $this->cron_helper,
-      $timer = false,
       Stub::make(
         new MailerTask(),
         [
@@ -441,7 +424,6 @@ class SendingQueueTest extends \MailPoetTest {
       $this->logger_factory,
       Stub::makeEmpty(NewslettersRepository::class, ['findOneById' => new NewsletterEntity()]),
       $this->cron_helper,
-      $timer = false,
       Stub::make(
         new MailerTask(),
         [
@@ -499,7 +481,6 @@ class SendingQueueTest extends \MailPoetTest {
       $this->logger_factory,
       Stub::makeEmpty(NewslettersRepository::class),
       $this->cron_helper,
-      $timer = false,
       Stub::makeEmpty(new MailerTask(), [], $this)
     );
     $sending_queue_worker->process();
@@ -518,7 +499,6 @@ class SendingQueueTest extends \MailPoetTest {
       $this->logger_factory,
       Stub::makeEmpty(NewslettersRepository::class, ['findOneById' => new NewsletterEntity()]),
       $this->cron_helper,
-      $timer = false,
       Stub::make(
         new MailerTask(),
         [
@@ -571,7 +551,6 @@ class SendingQueueTest extends \MailPoetTest {
       $this->logger_factory,
       Stub::makeEmpty(NewslettersRepository::class),
       $this->cron_helper,
-      $timer = false,
       Stub::make(
         new MailerTask(),
         [
@@ -746,7 +725,6 @@ class SendingQueueTest extends \MailPoetTest {
       $this->logger_factory,
       Stub::makeEmpty(NewslettersRepository::class),
       $this->cron_helper,
-      $timer = false,
       Stub::make(
         new MailerTask(),
         [
@@ -760,7 +738,8 @@ class SendingQueueTest extends \MailPoetTest {
         $prepared_subscribers = [],
         $prepared_newsletters = [],
         $prepared_subscribers = [],
-        $statistics = []
+        $statistics = [],
+        microtime(true)
       );
       $this->fail('Paused sending exception was not thrown.');
     } catch (\Exception $e) {
@@ -783,7 +762,6 @@ class SendingQueueTest extends \MailPoetTest {
       $this->logger_factory,
       Stub::makeEmpty(NewslettersRepository::class, ['findOneById' => new NewsletterEntity()]),
       $this->cron_helper,
-      $timer = false,
       Stub::make(
         new MailerTask(),
         [
diff --git a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/SimpleWorkerTest.php b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/SimpleWorkerTest.php
index 33fff17e26..273e90f54b 100644
--- a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/SimpleWorkerTest.php
+++ b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/SimpleWorkerTest.php
@@ -35,15 +35,9 @@ class SimpleWorkerTest extends \MailPoetTest {
     }
   }
 
-  function testItConstructs() {
-    expect($this->worker->timer)->notEmpty();
-  }
-
   function testItThrowsExceptionWhenExecutionLimitIsReached() {
     try {
-      new MockSimpleWorker(
-        microtime(true) - $this->cron_helper->getDaemonExecutionLimit()
-      );
+      $this->worker->process(microtime(true) - $this->cron_helper->getDaemonExecutionLimit());
       self::fail('Maximum execution time limit exception was not thrown.');
     } catch (\Exception $e) {
       expect($e->getMessage())->equals('Maximum execution time has been reached.');
@@ -115,6 +109,7 @@ class SimpleWorkerTest extends \MailPoetTest {
       ['checkProcessingRequirements' => false],
       $this
     );
+    $worker->__construct();
     expect($worker->process())->false();
   }
 
@@ -127,6 +122,7 @@ class SimpleWorkerTest extends \MailPoetTest {
       ],
       $this
     );
+    $worker->__construct();
     $worker->process();
   }
 
@@ -138,13 +134,13 @@ class SimpleWorkerTest extends \MailPoetTest {
 
   function testItPreparesTask() {
     $task = $this->createScheduledTask();
-    $this->worker->prepareTask($task);
+    $this->worker->prepareTask($task, microtime(true));
     expect($task->status)->null();
   }
 
   function testItProcessesTask() {
     $task = $this->createRunningTask();
-    $result = $this->worker->processTask($task);
+    $result = $this->worker->processTask($task, microtime(true));
     expect($task->status)->equals(ScheduledTask::STATUS_COMPLETED);
     expect($result)->equals(true);
   }
@@ -157,7 +153,7 @@ class SimpleWorkerTest extends \MailPoetTest {
       ['processTaskStrategy' => false],
       $this
     );
-    $result = $worker->processTask($task);
+    $result = $worker->processTask($task, microtime(true));
     expect($task->status)->equals(null);
     expect($result)->equals(false);
   }
@@ -229,9 +225,9 @@ class SimpleWorkerTest extends \MailPoetTest {
       ->willReturn(true);
     $task = $this->createRunningTask();
     expect(empty($task->in_progress))->equals(true);
-    expect($worker->processTask($task))->equals(true);
+    expect($worker->processTask($task, microtime(true)))->equals(true);
     $task->in_progress = true;
-    expect($worker->processTask($task))->equals(false);
+    expect($worker->processTask($task, microtime(true)))->equals(false);
   }
 
   function testItWillResetTheInProgressFlagOnFail() {
@@ -243,7 +239,7 @@ class SimpleWorkerTest extends \MailPoetTest {
       ->willThrowException(new \Exception('test error'));
     $task = $this->createRunningTask();
     try {
-      $worker->processTask($task);
+      $worker->processTask($task, microtime(true));
       $this->fail('An exception should be thrown');
     } catch (\Exception $e) {
       expect($e->getMessage())->equals('test error');
@@ -260,11 +256,11 @@ class SimpleWorkerTest extends \MailPoetTest {
       ->willReturn(true);
     $task = $this->createRunningTask();
     $task = ScheduledTask::findOne($task->id); // make sure `updated_at` is set by the DB
-    expect($worker->processTask($task))->equals(true);
+    expect($worker->processTask($task, microtime(true)))->equals(true);
     $scheduled_at = $task->scheduled_at;
     $task->updated_at = Carbon::createFromTimestamp(strtotime($task->updated_at))
       ->subMinutes(MockSimpleWorker::TASK_RUN_TIMEOUT + 1);
-    expect($worker->processTask($task))->equals(false);
+    expect($worker->processTask($task, microtime(true)))->equals(false);
     $task = ScheduledTask::findOne($task->id);
     expect($scheduled_at < $task->scheduled_at)->true();
     expect($task->status)->equals(ScheduledTask::STATUS_SCHEDULED);
diff --git a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/UnsubscribeTokensTest.php b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/UnsubscribeTokensTest.php
index 9fa251228c..0eab0ff2ff 100644
--- a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/UnsubscribeTokensTest.php
+++ b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/UnsubscribeTokensTest.php
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class UnsubscribeTokensTest extends \MailPoetTest {
 
   function testItAddsTokensToSubscribers() {
     $worker = new UnsubscribeTokens();
-    $worker->processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask::createOrUpdate());
+    $worker->processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask::createOrUpdate(), microtime(true));
     $this->subscriber_with_token = Subscriber::findOne($this->subscriber_with_token->id);
     $this->subscriber_without_token = Subscriber::findOne($this->subscriber_without_token->id);
     expect($this->subscriber_with_token->unsubscribe_token)->equals('aaabbbcccdddeee');
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class UnsubscribeTokensTest extends \MailPoetTest {
 
   function testItAddsTokensToNewsletters() {
     $worker = new UnsubscribeTokens();
-    $worker->processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask::createOrUpdate());
+    $worker->processTaskStrategy(ScheduledTask::createOrUpdate(), microtime(true));
     $this->newsletter_with_token = Newsletter::findOne($this->newsletter_with_token->id);
     $this->newsletter_without_token = Newsletter::findOne($this->newsletter_without_token->id);
     expect($this->newsletter_with_token->unsubscribe_token)->equals('aaabbbcccdddeee');
diff --git a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/WooCommerceSyncTest.php b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/WooCommerceSyncTest.php
index 0b75910ecb..3f6c6eb4f1 100644
--- a/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/WooCommerceSyncTest.php
+++ b/tests/integration/Cron/Workers/WooCommerceSyncTest.php
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class WooCommerceSyncTest extends \MailPoetTest {
     $this->woocommerce_segment->expects($this->once())
       ->method('synchronizeCustomers');
     $task = $this->createScheduledTask();
-    expect($this->worker->processTaskStrategy($task))->equals(true);
+    expect($this->worker->processTaskStrategy($task, microtime(true)))->equals(true);
   }
 
   private function createScheduledTask() {