diff --git a/lib/Subscribers/SubscriberIPsRepository.php b/lib/Subscribers/SubscriberIPsRepository.php
index 7dc260202c..7c2e7efc9c 100644
--- a/lib/Subscribers/SubscriberIPsRepository.php
+++ b/lib/Subscribers/SubscriberIPsRepository.php
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ namespace MailPoet\Subscribers;
 
 use MailPoet\Doctrine\Repository;
 use MailPoet\Entities\SubscriberIPEntity;
+use MailPoetVendor\Carbon\Carbon;
 
 /**
  * @extends Repository<SubscriberIPEntity>
@@ -12,4 +13,39 @@ class SubscriberIPsRepository extends Repository {
   protected function getEntityClassName() {
     return SubscriberIPEntity::class;
   }
+
+  public function findOneByIPAndCreatedAtAfterTimeInSeconds(string $ip, int $seconds): ?SubscriberIPEntity {
+    return $this->entityManager->createQueryBuilder()
+      ->select('sip')
+      ->from(SubscriberIPEntity::class, 'sip')
+      ->where('sip.ip = :ip')
+      ->andWhere('sip.createdAt >= :timeThreshold')
+      ->setParameter('ip', $ip)
+      ->setParameter('timeThreshold', (new Carbon())->subSeconds($seconds))
+      ->setMaxResults(1)
+      ->getQuery()
+      ->getOneOrNullResult();
+  }
+
+  public function getCountByIPAndCreatedAtAfterTimeInSeconds(string $ip, int $seconds): int {
+    return $this->entityManager->createQueryBuilder()
+      ->select('COUNT(sip)')
+      ->from(SubscriberIPEntity::class, 'sip')
+      ->where('sip.ip = :ip')
+      ->andWhere('sip.createdAt >= :timeThreshold')
+      ->setParameter('ip', $ip)
+      ->setParameter('timeThreshold', (new Carbon())->subSeconds($seconds))
+      ->getQuery()
+      ->getSingleScalarResult();
+  }
+
+  public function deleteCreatedAtBeforeTimeInSeconds(int $seconds): int {
+    return (int)$this->entityManager->createQueryBuilder()
+      ->delete()
+      ->from(SubscriberIPEntity::class, 'sip')
+      ->where('sip.createdAt < :timeThreshold')
+      ->setParameter('timeThreshold', (new Carbon())->subSeconds($seconds))
+      ->getQuery()
+      ->execute();
+  }
 }
diff --git a/lib/Subscription/Throttling.php b/lib/Subscription/Throttling.php
index e1d684131f..9106393b30 100644
--- a/lib/Subscription/Throttling.php
+++ b/lib/Subscription/Throttling.php
@@ -2,42 +2,37 @@
 
 namespace MailPoet\Subscription;
 
-use MailPoet\Models\SubscriberIP;
+use MailPoet\Entities\SubscriberIPEntity;
+use MailPoet\Subscribers\SubscriberIPsRepository;
 use MailPoet\Util\Helpers;
 use MailPoet\WP\Functions as WPFunctions;
 
 class Throttling {
+  /** @var SubscriberIPsRepository */
+  private $subscriberIPsRepository;
+
   /** @var WPFunctions */
   private $wp;
 
-  public function __construct(WPFunctions $wp) {
+  public function __construct(SubscriberIPsRepository $subscriberIPsRepository, WPFunctions $wp) {
     $this->wp = $wp;
+    $this->subscriberIPsRepository = $subscriberIPsRepository;
   }
 
   public function throttle() {
     $subscriptionLimitEnabled = $this->wp->applyFilters('mailpoet_subscription_limit_enabled', true);
 
-    $subscriptionLimitWindow = $this->wp->applyFilters('mailpoet_subscription_limit_window', DAY_IN_SECONDS);
-    $subscriptionLimitBase = $this->wp->applyFilters('mailpoet_subscription_limit_base', MINUTE_IN_SECONDS);
+    $subscriptionLimitWindow = (int)$this->wp->applyFilters('mailpoet_subscription_limit_window', DAY_IN_SECONDS);
+    $subscriptionLimitBase = (int)$this->wp->applyFilters('mailpoet_subscription_limit_base', MINUTE_IN_SECONDS);
 
     $subscriberIp = Helpers::getIP();
 
     if ($subscriptionLimitEnabled && !$this->wp->isUserLoggedIn()) {
       if (!empty($subscriberIp)) {
-        $subscriptionCount = SubscriberIP::where('ip', $subscriberIp)
-          ->whereRaw(
-            '(`created_at` >= NOW() - INTERVAL ? SECOND)',
-            [(int)$subscriptionLimitWindow]
-          )->count();
-
+        $subscriptionCount = $this->subscriberIPsRepository->getCountByIPAndCreatedAtAfterTimeInSeconds($subscriberIp, $subscriptionLimitWindow);
         if ($subscriptionCount > 0) {
           $timeout = $subscriptionLimitBase * pow(2, $subscriptionCount - 1);
-          $existingUser = SubscriberIP::where('ip', $subscriberIp)
-            ->whereRaw(
-              '(`created_at` >= NOW() - INTERVAL ? SECOND)',
-              [(int)$timeout]
-            )->findOne();
-
+          $existingUser = $this->subscriberIPsRepository->findOneByIPAndCreatedAtAfterTimeInSeconds($subscriberIp, $timeout);
           if (!empty($existingUser)) {
             return $timeout;
           }
@@ -45,21 +40,23 @@ class Throttling {
       }
     }
 
-    $ip = SubscriberIP::create();
-    $ip->ip = $subscriberIp;
-    $ip->save();
+    if ($subscriberIp !== null) {
+      $ip = new SubscriberIPEntity($subscriberIp);
+      $existingIp = $this->subscriberIPsRepository->findOneBy(['ip' => $ip->getIP(), 'createdAt' => $ip->getCreatedAt()]);
+      if (!$existingIp) {
+        $this->subscriberIPsRepository->persist($ip);
+        $this->subscriberIPsRepository->flush();
+      }
+    }
 
     $this->purge();
 
     return false;
   }
 
-  public function purge() {
+  public function purge(): void {
     $interval = $this->wp->applyFilters('mailpoet_subscription_purge_window', MONTH_IN_SECONDS);
-    return SubscriberIP::whereRaw(
-      '(`created_at` < NOW() - INTERVAL ? SECOND)',
-      [$interval]
-    )->deleteMany();
+    $this->subscriberIPsRepository->deleteCreatedAtBeforeTimeInSeconds($interval);
   }
 
   public function secondsToTimeString($seconds): string {
diff --git a/tests/integration/Subscription/ThrottlingTest.php b/tests/integration/Subscription/ThrottlingTest.php
index 2eb6b51c94..cbe35bf8e0 100644
--- a/tests/integration/Subscription/ThrottlingTest.php
+++ b/tests/integration/Subscription/ThrottlingTest.php
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 
 namespace MailPoet\Subscription;
 
-use MailPoet\Models\SubscriberIP;
+use MailPoet\Entities\SubscriberIPEntity;
+use MailPoet\Subscribers\SubscriberIPsRepository;
 use MailPoet\WP\Functions as WPFunctions;
 use MailPoetVendor\Carbon\Carbon;
 
@@ -10,9 +11,13 @@ class ThrottlingTest extends \MailPoetTest {
   /** @var Throttling */
   private $throttling;
 
+  /** @var SubscriberIPsRepository */
+  private $subscriberIPsRepository;
+
   protected function _before() {
     parent::_before();
     $this->throttling = $this->diContainer->get(Throttling::class);
+    $this->subscriberIPsRepository = $this->diContainer->get(SubscriberIPsRepository::class);
   }
 
   public function testItProgressivelyThrottlesSubscriptions() {
@@ -20,10 +25,7 @@ class ThrottlingTest extends \MailPoetTest {
     expect($this->throttling->throttle())->equals(false);
     expect($this->throttling->throttle())->equals(60);
     for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i++) {
-      $ip = SubscriberIP::create();
-      $ip->ip = '127.0.0.1';
-      $ip->createdAt = Carbon::now()->subMinutes($i);
-      $ip->save();
+      $this->createSubscriberIP('127.0.0.1', Carbon::now()->subMinutes($i));
     }
     expect($this->throttling->throttle())->equals(MINUTE_IN_SECONDS * pow(2, 10));
   }
@@ -49,18 +51,12 @@ class ThrottlingTest extends \MailPoetTest {
   }
 
   public function testItPurgesOldSubscriberIps() {
-    $ip = SubscriberIP::create();
-    $ip->ip = '127.0.0.1';
-    $ip->save();
+    $this->createSubscriberIP('127.0.0.1', Carbon::now());
+    $this->createSubscriberIP('127.0.0.1', Carbon::now()->subDays(30)->subSeconds(1));
 
-    $ip2 = SubscriberIP::create();
-    $ip2->ip = '127.0.0.1';
-    $ip2->createdAt = Carbon::now()->subDays(30)->subSeconds(1);
-    $ip2->save();
-
-    expect(SubscriberIP::count())->equals(2);
+    expect($this->subscriberIPsRepository->countBy([]))->equals(2);
     $this->throttling->throttle();
-    expect(SubscriberIP::count())->equals(1);
+    expect($this->subscriberIPsRepository->countBy([]))->equals(1);
   }
 
   public function testItConvertsSecondsToTimeString() {
@@ -73,7 +69,15 @@ class ThrottlingTest extends \MailPoetTest {
     expect($this->throttling->secondsToTimeString(59))->equals('59 seconds');
   }
 
+  private function createSubscriberIP(string $ip, Carbon $createdAt): SubscriberIPEntity {
+    $subscriberIP = new SubscriberIPEntity($ip);
+    $subscriberIP->setCreatedAt($createdAt);
+    $this->entityManager->persist($subscriberIP);
+    $this->entityManager->flush();
+    return $subscriberIP;
+  }
+
   public function _after() {
-    SubscriberIP::deleteMany();
+    $this->truncateEntity(SubscriberIPEntity::class);
   }
 }